If you are playing a copied directory of files, you don't have access to the IOCTLs to get the keys, so libdvdcss resorts to statistical cryptanalysis to crack the encryption.) (Interestingly, the DVD IOCTLs are also the only real way to get the decryption key used to decrypt the data on the disk, once you've read it. Once it's unlocked, the drive can't tell which program is reading from it, so it sends back the (still encrypted but now readable) bits to anyone, including dd or cp. Presumably a standalone program that linked against libdvdcss could be written to unlock the drive for access as files, instead of relying on all of VLC. VLC performs this secret handshake through libdvdcss, which in turn seems to do it in GetBusKey() in css.c. More information on how these IOCTLs work is available in this mailing list post from the person who implemented them, but basically they provide a way for userland software to perform the secret handshake with the DVD drive hardware. That's why this manifests as an I/O error. So it's not just that you will get encrypted data that can't be played if you read the DVD the drive won't send back the bits unless some program on your machine has authenticated itself to the drive, using some DVD-specific IOCTLs exposed by the Linux kernel (in this case, DVD_AUTH). The player has to execute an authentication handshake It denies access to logical blocks that are marked as copyrighted

However, if the drive detects a disc that has been compiled with CSS, The underlying cause of the issue is that your DVD drive is working against you. This sort of magic offends my sensibilities, so I went digging. It didn't work, unless I first opened the DVD with VLC, at which point Kodi could magically play the files. I managed to replicate this behavior when trying to play a DVD in my computer from a Kodi device hooked up to my TV, by using SMB to share the root of the DVD drive over the network. People mention that opening the DVD with VLC (which displays the DVD menu) magically makes the data accessible to dd, but nobody has yet explained why that is and how VLC accomplishes this feat.

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